Author: Vinay Ananda
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Ⅴ: String Theory
String theory replaces point particles with one-dimensional strings, providing a description for gravity. This article examines the theory’s development, its concrete results, and the landscape problem it has not resolved.
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Ⅳ: Loop Quantum Gravity
Loop quantum gravity attempts to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics by quantising spacetime. The theory predicts that space is fundamentally discrete, with quantised units of area and volume, and offers possible resolutions to the early universe.
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Ⅲ: The Quantum Gravity Problem
Renormalisation is the procedure that made quantum field theory work. It successfully describes electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force with extraordinary precision. When applied to gravity, it fails. Why does it work for three of the four forces, and why is gravity structurally different?
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Ⅱ: The Measurement Problem
Quantum mechanics predicts experimental results to eleven significant figures. Yet it does not explain what happens when a quantum system is observed. This article examines the measurement problem and why the problem has direct consequences for any theory of quantum gravity.
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Ⅰ: The Planck Length
In 1899, Max Planck derived a length from three fundamental constants of nature. It sits at 10⁻³⁵ metres – sixteen orders of magnitude below the reach of the most powerful accelerator ever built. What it marks is the scale at which the two most successful theories in physics simultaneously break down.
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What Neural Networks Actually Learn?
Modern deep learning violated classical statistical theories by achieving exceptional generalisation despite overparameterization, raising critical questions about theoretical foundations and the underlying mechanics of neural networks.